| September 24, 2007
 
   On June 10th 1967, the Israeli government demolished the MoroccanQuarter in the Old City of East Jerusalem to make easier public access
 to the Western Wall. After the Israeli army called on the inhabitants
 of the quarter to vacate their homes only a couple of hours before
 the demolitions took place, a call which was not heard by everybody
 in the quarter, 135 houses were demolished along with two
 mosques and other sites. 650 inhabitants were left homeless and
 several others dead under the rubble of their homes. This demolition
 was not the first of its kind in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
 but definitely the starting point to a lifetime struggle with
 illegal house demolitions by the Israel Occupying forces.
   Since 1967, almost 18,000 homes have been demolished in theoccupied Palestinian territories for three main reasons: collective
 punishment and for so-called operational and administrative reasons.
   House demolitions started before 1967 by the British Mandate as ameans to expel the Palestinians from their homes. Below is a brief
 history of house demolitions in Palestine:
 1930s: British administration in Palestine uses house demolitions as
a means of quelling the indigenous uprising against British rule.   1936-1939: British authorities demolish more than 5,000
Palestinian homes.    1948: the newly established state of Israel begins demolishing
the homes of Palestinian refugees to prevent their return. More than
125,000 homes, some of which were damaged during the war,
were systematically destroyed in a process referred to as "cleaning up the national views".   1950s: Israel expels Palestinians from border areas and
from villages where part of the Palestinian population remained
after the war and demolishes Palestinian homes.   1967: Destruction of housing stock during the war included
375 homes in Imwas, 535 homes in Yalu, 550 homes in Beit
Nuba, an estimated 135 homes in the Moroccan quarter of the
Old City of Jerusalem, 1,000 homes in Qalqilya, in addition to
thousands of homes of Beit Marsam, Beit Awa, Jiftlik, and
al-Burj as well as refugee camps in the Jericho area and
the Gaza Strip.   1970s and 1980s: Israel demolishes more than 10,000 refugee
shelters in the Gaza Strip to create a so-called security corridor
between the southern Gaza Strip and the Sinai and to widen
roads in the camps for Israeli military patrols. Demolitions
were also part of a campaign to forcibly resettle refugees
outside camps.   1993-2000: Israel demolished more than 1,000 homes
across the occupied Palestinian territories    2003: Israel continues to demolish Palestinian homes inside
Israel. Demolitions of Bedouin homes in the Naqab (Negev)
increased by eight times. More than 100 homes were
demolished. An additional 280 homes were destroyed in the
Galilee and the Triangle. In total more than 500 homes
were destroyed. There are an estimated 12,000 outstanding
demolition orders in the Galilee and some 30,000 in the
Negev to date.   House demolitions continue.  
   Pretexts under which house demolitions are carried out:     Collective Punishment: The Israeli government uses house demolitions as collective punishment
 in response to attacks on Israel; families of attackers or of
 people suspected of carrying out attacks as well as their
 neighbors or in some cases whole neighborhoods are subject to this
 illegal violation of human rights. Under the Fourth Geneva
 Convention, Occupying Powers are prohibited from destroying
 property or employing collective punishment. Article 53 reads:
 "Any destruction by the Occupying Power of real or personal
 property belonging individually or collectively to private
 persons…is prohibited." According to the Israeli human rights
 organization, B'Tselem, 47% of houses demolished as punitive
 punishment were never the homes of attackers or suspected
 attackers on Israel but were houses adjacent to these
 homes. Additionally, only 3% of all occupants of demolished
 houses were given prior notice that the Israeli army would
 demolish their house or an adjacent one.
   Before the policy of collective punishment by means of housedemolitions was renewed during the second (Al Aqsa) Intifada,
 demolitions were only carried out after a military order was
 issued. Under Israeli law the demolition order is delivered to
 the family and the family is allowed to appeal to the military
 commander within 48 hours. Even if the appeal is denied, the
 family must be allowed to petition the High Court before
 the house is demolished. In reality, however this is not the
 case at all. During the current Intifada, Israel treated house
 demolitions as an imperative military action whereby most
 of the house demolitions took place at night, without any
 prior notice or demolition order.
   Military Operations:The second reason given by the Israeli government for house
 demolition is an operational one which took place during
 military operations called "clearing operations". Under
 International Humanitarian Law (IHL), the destruction of
 property during combat is not illegal as such. Destruction
 is prohibited unless there is an absolute military necessity
 to do so. It has been observed however that large-scale
 demolition operations carried out on civilian homes in the
 name of necessary military operations immediately after
 an attack on Israelis suggest otherwise. Gaza more
 than anywhere else in Palestine has become the
 target of such actions and false justifications. Miloon
 Kothari a UN Special Rapporteur speaking to Diakonia in
 response to Israel's attack on Beit Hannoun on
 November 8th, 2006 said: " Since 25 June 2006, the
 most recent Israeli incursion into the Gaza Strip, I
 continue to receive alarming reports about deliberate
 attacks by Israeli forces resulting in the destruction of
 homes, civilian property and infrastructures in the Gaza
 Strip. Such acts have a devastating impact on civilians
 particularly, women and children, and create insecurity
 and psychological trauma. Thus, these forced evictions
 and unjustifiable destruction constitute breaches of
 international laws of human rights, war and humanitarian
 norms. International law strictly prohibits the destruction
 of private or public property when not absolutely
 necessary by military operations". Since the beginning
 of the uprising, 14,852 people have been made
 homeless by Israeli actions up to 2004.
   Administrative policies: The most common defense used for demolishing houses in
 east Jerusalem and Palestinian houses in Israel is for
 administrative reasons. The Israeli government demolishes
 houses in Area C (Palestine Areas under Israeli military and
 civil control) because of lack of building licenses even
 though attaining a building license in east Jerusalem
 or inside Israel is nearly impossible for Palestinians. Israeli
 army Legal Advisor Colonel Shlomo Politus told the Israeli
 Parliament in July 2003 that: "...there are no more
 construction permits for Palestinians," and the Israeli Army
 spokesperson told Amnesty International delegates in
 1999 that "Our policy is not to approve building in
 Area C [of the West Bank]". Houses are demolished
 because Israel wants to expand the Israeli settlements
 in the West Bank as well as creating permanent
 facts on the ground. According to B'Tselem
 Palestinian houses under this justification are normally
 demolished to meet the following needs:
 Construction of bypass roads: Bypass roads are intended
to enable the movement of settlers and military forces protecting the settlements. Houses lying alongside an existing
or planned bypass road are designated for demolition.   Removal of Palestinians from areas adjacent to Israeli
settlements: Israeli authorities consistently demolish
Palestinian structures that are perceived as hindrances
to the establishment and expansion of Israeli
settlements. The proximity of the houses to the
settlements obviously is not posed as an official
reason for the demolition in these cases.   To prevent transfer of land to Palestinians: Israel
demolishes houses in areas located on land that it
wants to keep for itself in the final-status
agreement. By pursuing this policy, Israel is
preventing the Palestinian Authority from
demanding the land on grounds that Palestinians
live there. Demolition of houses is a convenient
way to expel residents from the area. 
   Israeli forces are still demolishing houses in large numbers underfalse pretenses and justifications to serve the overall purpose
 of the Zionist state to uproot and drive as many Palestinians
 out of their houses and lands as possible and to build more
 illegal settlements. According to B'Tselem's recent statistics, in
 the last two years (2006-2007) in the West Bank alone 165
 houses were demolished leaving 724 people homeless, and
 between 2004-2007 in east Jerusalem alone 300 houses
 were demolished leaving 939 Palestinians homeless. House
 demolitions have a severe impact on the Palestinian
 people, affecting the economy and agriculture and
 causing severe trauma to children, women and men
 who fall victim to this war crime.
   Resources:Amnesty International
 B'Tselem
 Diakonia
 Electronic Intifada - A history of destruction Report, BADIL, May 18 2004
 ICAHD
 POICA
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